Why is the Audio Level display needed?
Often in many applications, it is required to measure the level of the audio signals, for example in discotheques to get an idea about the loudness of the sound signal, in other areas to measure the noise signal.
Output Leakage (Dot Mode) (4) Pins 10– 18 0.1 10 μA Pin 1 60 150 450 μA SUPPLY CURRENT Standby Supply Current V+ = 5V, 2.4 4.2 mA (All Outputs Off) IL(REF) = 0.2 mA V+ = 20V, 6.1 9.2 mA IL(REF) = 1.0 mA (4) Bar mode results when pin 9 is within 20mV of V+. Dot mode results when pin 9 is pulled at least 200mV below V+ or left open circuit.
How Audio Levels of Signals are Displayed?
The LM3915 datasheet specifies that the IC is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives ten LEDs, LCDs or vacuum fluorescent displays, providing a logarithmic 3 dB/step analog display. One pin changes the display from a bar graph to a moving dot display. The LM3915 is a Logarithmic Display Driver IC commonly used in visualizing audio signals. It can drive both 10-segment Bar LED and Dot Matrix LED. The IC also allows the reference voltage and LED current to be easily programmed based on the application by selecting the right value of resistors. This is the 'Perfect Vu-Meter' The best I've ever made. A Vu-Meter with 20 LEDs, two LM3915 and an integrated LM386 amplifier, it is also possible to connect. Alternatives for LM3916: LM3914 and LM3915. LM3916 Replacement: NTE1549. How to use LM3916: As said earlier, the LM3916 drives 10 LED’s with respect to analog input signal. The LED’s can be driven as either dot mode or bar mode by connecting to positive.
Often there are many ways to display the audio level of the signal, one of them being the use of sound pressure level meters, which simply calculate the change in pressure of the sound signal. They are based on the fact that sound signals at different frequencies have different pressure levels.
Another way is having a visualized display of the loudness of the audio signal. Normally the display is in the form of a sequential glowing of LEDs to indicate the level of the audio signal
By the term loudness, we mean the magnitude of the sound signal, perceived by each individual such that the person can bear the sound pressure. For the same pressure, the loudness of the sound varies for different frequencies.
The above two methods measure the loudness of the sound or the volume in decibels. One decibel is equivalent to 10 times the logarithm of the power of the sound signal. Normally it is not feasible to have a large scale for the direct measurement and hence the scale is shown mostly in decibels or dB.
Before going to details about the visualized audio level meter, let us have a brief idea about LM3915
LM3915
LM3915 is a dot/bar display driver which drives a series of LEDs based on the analog input. It basically drives each adjacent LED in 3DB steps i.e.in logarithmic way. It operates from a supply voltage of 3 V to 25 V.
LM3915 Pin Description
Pins 1, 10 to 18: Each of these pins is connected to the cathode of the output LED. The anode of the output LEDs is connected to the 3V to 20V supply.
Pin 2: This pin is the negative analog voltage supply and is usually connected to the ground.
Pin 3: This pin is the positive voltage supply and usually the supply voltage is at min 3 V to max 20V
Pin 4: This pin is usually grounded
Pin 5: This pin is the signal input pin and the audio signal input is given to this pin.
Pin 6 and Pin 7 are shorted together. The current through pin 7 decides the current drawn by each LED.
Pin 8: It is the pin used for adjusting the reference voltage. There is a resistance of 1.2kohms between pin 7 and pin 8 such that a voltage of 1.25V is between the pins. A potential divider is connected to the resistor which is used to adjust the reference voltage.
Pin 9: This is the mode select pin and is used to select either the dot mode or the bar mode. For the bar mode, the pin is connected directly to pin 3 , i.e. to the positive voltage supply. For dot mode, the pin is left open, without any connection.
How do LM3915 works?
LM3915 basically receives analog voltage as input in the range between 0 to 1.5V and this is given to the Buffer amplifier which drives a series of 10 comparators. There is a reference voltage source which can be programmed. This reference voltage is given to each comparator using a 1:10 Potential divider arrangement. Each comparator compares the input voltage with a reference voltage and accordingly drives the corresponding LED connected to it.
It can operate in dot mode or bar mode. In bar mode, the LEDs are driven in continuous mode, i.e. the glowing of LEDs appears as if in continuous form. In dot mode, a single LED glows at a time.
Using an LM3914 / 15 IC U2 – Dot/Bar Display Driver along with signal amplifier IC LM324 IC U1 to 4 a nice dancing light as per audio signals is feasible. High power lamps can also be used by adding optocoupler in series with the LEDs and the DIAC of the Opto driving the TRIAC for 230-volt lamps. The entire display system can operate from a single supply as low as 3V or as high as 25V. Numerous mechanisms could be cascaded for a dot mode display or bar mode display with an extent of 60dB or 90 dB. LM3915 can also be cascaded with LM3914 for a linear/log display or with LM3916s for an extended-range VU meter.
The LM3915 displays are used in audio applications, power meter, and RF signal strength meters. And these displays are suited for signals with wide dynamic range, for example, audio level, power and etc.
LM3915 as an Audio Level Meter
This circuit utilizes only one IC and a few external components. It displays the sound/audio level as far as 10 LEDs. The input voltage can vary from 12V to 20V, but we using only 12V of voltage. The chip holds a flexible voltage reference and exact ten-stage voltage divider. The high-impedance input buffer acknowledges signals down to the ground and up to within 1.5v of the positive power supply. Further, it needs no protection against inputs of ±35V. The input buffer drives 10 distinctive comparators referenced to the accuracy divider. Accuracy is normally superior to 1dB.
Using the dot mode, the LED illuminated represents the instantaneous value of the audio waveform. Both peak and average levels can be easily observed. Since the dot will be constantly moving, the LEDs are run at 30mA for sufficient power. The full-scale reading is 10volts; which is easily adjusted by changing resistor R2. The LM3915 signal input can withstand signals up to 35 volts. If there is a chance that the audio input could exceed this range, either attenuates it or include enough series resistance to limit the current to 5mA.
Application – Visualized Audio Level Meter
Let us have a detailed description of the visualized audio level meter
In the above-given circuit, the audio signal is first converted to an electrical signal and this electrical signal is further processed using a set of comparators to get the serial input. Audio input signal voltage can be from a cell phone, TV audio, or radio is a maximum of 6 volts.
The analog voltage input is given to the IC LM3915. Initially, the model is set to be in bar mode. A switch is used to set the mode in bar or dot mode. The IC accordingly performs manipulations using the analog input and the LEDs are driven accordingly. The LEDs start glowing after every 3dB change in the audio level. Thus the audio level is displayed through the glowing LEDs at the decibel level.
Lm3915 Vu Meter Dot Mode
Now you have got an idea about the IC LM3915 if any queries on this topic or on the electrical and electronic projects leave your ideas section below.
Lm3915 Dot Model